Bosen (Area Pasang Surut)

The indigenous people of Padaido originate from the mainland of Biak Island. Since the 9th century, their ancestors lived in the interior of East Biak, but due to an attack by the mambri (commander) Pasrerfi from Samber, they spread to various regions. From the 10th to the 14th century, the ancestors of Padaido crossed to the Padaido Islands in three waves, starting from Pakreki Island and then to Mbromsi Island. In Mbromsi, they built three villages and divided customary land rights among clans (Weyai, Rumabar, Rumboryas, Rumbino, Rumbewas, Rumayauw, Kafiar, and Rumaropen).

The land on Padaido Island is very fertile for tubers, fruits, vegetables, and medicinal plants, while the sea provides fish, shellfish, and other marine resources. Because of its natural wealth that can sustain life, the ancestors of Padaido named this area An Nobo, which means a place that provides all the necessities of life.

The next migration brought them from Mbromsi to Padaidori Island (An Nobo), establishing settlements around Lake Waimuri and Sevendi, then to Faknik Bab (now Kampung Sasari). The name Padaido itself emerged after World War II, from the word padai (weapon) and do (deep), because this area became a battlefield. Now, the administrative area includes Kampung Sasari, Padaido, Yeri, and Anobo according to local regulations and government decisions.

In addition to migration history, the people of Padaido also have important legends:

• Manggana: A healer who performed childbirth operations with an inois knife, resulting in many mothers and babies dying. This practice was stopped by a woman named Insrenanggi, who introduced normal childbirth.
• Insernanggi: The legend of Insrenanggi also tells how she taught humans to recognize fire and cook well, while simultaneously stopping the practice of Manggana.
• Ikako Mampairamo: A snake incarnated as a human who wanted to marry two girls. The villagers' rejection made them flee to the Mamberamo River. There, the snake was eventually killed, and some of the villagers' descendants settled in Mamberamo until now.

The history of migration, the natural wealth known as An Nobo, and the inherited legends have become important identities for the indigenous people of Padaido to this day.

Padaido Island is a coral island with a relatively large sandy area, a relatively flat topography (±10 meters above sea level), and sandy land texture. Administratively, this island is part of the Aimando District and is divided into four villages, namely Kampung Sasari, Kampung Padaido (Mnupisen), Kampung Yeri, and Kampung Anobo. This island is one of the centers of life for the Biak indigenous people, with both terrestrial and marine natural resources supporting daily life.

One of the areas protected by the community is called Bosen, which in the Papua language means intertidal area. This area is the lowest low tide and highest high tide zone. In this area, there are various types of coral fish, sea cucumbers, octopuses, and Bia-bia. This area serves as a place to catch various types of coral fish and collect shellfish during low tide (inambosen). In this area, the community practices sasi gereja. Sasi is a customary rule of the Biak people in the form of a temporary closure of a certain area or type of natural resource, whether in the sea or on land, for a certain period or permanently. This closure aims to protect natural resources to remain sustainable, provide opportunities to grow and develop, and ensure availability for future generations.

In practice, the management of natural resources by the people of Padaido Island is still carried out traditionally by utilizing marine and terrestrial products for household needs, children's school fees, and the development of public facilities in the village such as churches and village halls. The main sources of income come from copra, fish (fresh and salted), coconut oil (mani srai), and sea cucumbers.

There are several regulations that must be adhered to by the community, including;

• There are no restrictions on the collection of marine biota, but it must be adjusted to needs.
• It is prohibited to catch using destructive fishing gear, such as nets smaller than 3 inches, crowbars, chemical poisons, and explosives.
• The utilization of marine natural resource management in the Bosen area is carried out by the village community.
• It is prohibited to cut down trees along the coast as a wind and wave barrier.
• Coastal natural resource management can only be carried out by the Mnu community.

If violations occur in the sasi congregation area, there will be spiritual sanctions and warnings from customary and religious leaders. The community-managed area of the indigenous people of Padaido is considered the main source of livelihood. Therefore, the community believes that the utilization of resources must always be accompanied by rules that ensure sustainability so that they can be passed on to future generations.

Bosen (Intertidal Area) contributes significantly to biodiversity through its ecosystem. Here is the biodiversity found in Bosen;

Flora

For Building Materials

1. Ulin (Sner)

2. Merbai/Ironwood (Kabui)

3. Matoa (Are)

4. Bintanggor (Doi)

5. Forest Bintanggor (Wapuw)

6. Chinese wood (Moref)

7. Mbrui

8. Mansai

9. Nutmeg (Kamor)

10. Yer

11. Rarwan

12. Banyan (Asar)

13. Ruren

14. Maspen

15. Adwak

16. Ampom

17. Bram

18. Talirotan (Kabraisam)

19. Sengon (Adai/Abyai)

20. Manjaw

21. Pasror

22. Milkwood (Kwabor/Ainus)

23. Coastal Gelagar (Ower)

24. Coastal Bintangur (Mares)

25. Butun (Rabon)

26. Umbrella reed (Myoren)

27. Nibung (Ansan)

28. Ketapang (Kris /Aibekop/Krismaon)

29. Small Dungun (Aibekop/Krismawon)

30. Marai

31. Aki

32. Suan

33. Mat tree (Mansrom)

34. Mangrove (Sawawir)

35. Mangrove (Aibon)

36. Mangrove (Mampiuw)

For Musical Instruments

1. Milkwood (Kwabor/Ainus)

2. Marem

3. Papir

Medicinal Plants

1. Sampare [Malaria]

2. Noni (Kandarek) [Malaria]

3. Kuker [Malaria]

4. Manyek [Cysts and Leprosy]

5. Coastal Gelagar (Ower) [All kinds of diseases]

6. Miana (Mampusem) [Wounds]

7. Sambiloto [Blood booster]

8. Meniran [Blood booster]

9. Duck's tongue (Bukorduf) [Fever and mucus in infants]

10. Mansnasem [Eliminates infant mucus]

11. Anas [Body aches]

12. Siri (Inan) [Eye pain]

13. Ginger (Konsop) [Bone pain]

14. Parepat (Aum) [Helps infants speak quickly]

15. Coastal Bingtangur (Mares) [Eye pain]

16. Lemongrass (Ampuy) [Toothache]

17. Drini (Pandemor) [Fractures, pain, and aches]

18. Ant nest (Sarang Semut) [stomach ache, cancer, tumor, coronary heart disease, TB, rheumatism to leukemia]

19. Pig (Randip)

20. Beach pine (Rambemawa) [helps infants speak quickly]

Consumed

1. Water guava (Inasem)

Fauna

For Consumption

1. Pig (Randip)

2. Cuscus (Rambab)

3. Soa-soa (Kasip)

4. Apodora (Ansnai)

5. Lizard (Kasip insum)

6. Crocodile (Ongor)

7. Black-headed red parrot (Mankfir)

8. Green parrot (Mandar)

9. Maleo (Manggiryo)

10. Sparrow (Maninsu)

11. Kingfisher (Mampudwar)

12. Stone kingfisher (Mansinem)

13. Bat (Mangwai)

14. Turtle dove (Manggaok)

15. Manggupre

16. Cockatoo (Maniker)

17. Chicken (Mangoko)

18. Crow (Manwawa)

19. Kum-kum (Mananggau)

20. White dove (Mandun)

21. Lemuru (Inggarouw)

22. Lencam (Insamen)

23. Kapas-kapas (Inggower)

24. Black-spotted snapper (Inbarkof)

25. Kuwe (Inggarfu)

26. Belana (Inasman)

27. Belanak (Inasbin)

28. Samandar (Indos / Insarek / Indadwai)

29. Leter enam (Inbaren)

30. Baronang (Inowes)

31. Botana (Inggaes)

32. Brajanatha (Indur)

33. Snapper (Inpekem)

34. Thick-skinned fish (Inggar)

35. Butana (Inbrui / Inmarye)

36. Grouper (Indaf)

37. Nile (Indwar)

38. Babakal silah (Indapusam)

39. Cockatoo (Indwaf / Inwer)

40. Kuwe gerong (Indirek)

41. Mangrove snapper (Indin)

42. Yellow selar (Inapra)

43. Chicken fish (Insum/Karipa)

44. Blue cockatoo (Indarwam)

45. Green benjol parrot (Indai Kaibam)

46. Napoleon (Inmamen)

47. Box snapper (Indawer)

48. Madah (Inamas)

49. Lencam (Insrowen / Insambras)

50. Sako (Inbekwan)

51. Balobo (Inpakem)

52. Cakalan (Cakalan)

53. Dolphin (Manggombon)

54. Sailfish (Inbeyaun)

55. Tenggiri (Inbeoper)

56. Goat fish (Imanswaref)

57. Silver sea cucumber (Gumuru)

58. Thunder fish (Inswan)

59. Flying fish (Inanai)

60. Mustache fish (Insyur)

61. Kembung (Inarmar / Oci)

62. Puri (Insanai)

63. Sardine (Ineper)

64. Shark (Kasem)

65. Barracuda (Imampir / Imbenasar)

66. Green turtle (Waukaku)

67. Hawksbill turtle (Waumis)

68. Badur (Insaser)

69. Yellow tail (Inspai)

70. Ray (Arndai)

71. Manta ray (Manggapap)

72. Kabires (Kabires)

73. Clam (Kamer)

74. Manwarek (Manwarek)

75. Sanon (Sanon)

76. Tiger cowrie (Kang)

77. Asaphis (Insei)

78. Makbawen (Makbawen)

79. Tendong (Manggardan)

80. Sea snail (Mansi)

81. Giant clam (Arom)

82. Mangrove shell (Insyonek)

83. Hole clam (Insef)

84. Octopus (Kombrof/Kais)

85. Sea snail (Ranser)

86. Moon snail (Kadwor)

87. Coral root (Arwam)

88. Triton (Kbur)

89. Green shell (Inpurem)

90. Goat-head shell (Manggarpur)

91. Sea anemone (Sarkyu)

92. Sand shrimp (Buryas)

93. White-legged shrimp (Inggansu)

94. Lobster (Barupu)

95. Cotton shrimp (Kanggen)

96. Opheodesoma (Inanu)

97. Mock sea cucumber (Pimam benang)

98. White milk sea cucumber (Pimam sus)

99. Rubber sea cucumber (Pimam karet)

For Sale

1. Sand sea cucumber (Pimam tawas)

2. Sea cucumber (Kamboa)

3. Bitter sea cucumber (Mansarmar)

4. Pineapple sea cucumber (Pimam nenas)

5. Shoe sea cucumber (Pimam sepatu)

6. Karbek (Karbek)

7. Transgender sea cucumber (Pimam bencong)

8. Apostichopus japonikus (Pimam Amprim)

9. Blood sea cucumber (Pimam dara)

10. Horse sea cucumber (Pimam kuda)

11. Dog sea cucumber (Pimam nafan)

For Keeping

1. Beach Trinil (Mansibin)

2. Stork (Mansorom)

3. Crow (Manwawa)

4. Green tree lizard (Kabi)

5. Sea dove (Sandomun)

6. Little egret (Menserndu)

7. Sea goose (Mangibin-gibin)

8. Coconut parrot (Mankfir)

9. Green parrot (Mannes)

10. Sea gull (Mambenau)

The Community Managed Conservation Area (AKKM) in the Padaido Islands has an important position in supporting the sustainability of marine and coastal resources, while also maintaining the relationship between indigenous peoples and their living space. The existence of this AKKM is located within the Marine Tourism Park (TWP) of the Padaido Islands, which was officially established through the Decree of the Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Number KEP.68/MEN/2009 concerning the Designation of the National Marine Conservation Area of the Padaido Islands and the Surrounding Sea in Papua Province.

Furthermore, the management direction of the area is strengthened by the Decree of the Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Number 62/KEPMEN-KP/2014 concerning the Management and Zoning Plan of the TWP of the Padaido Islands and the Surrounding Sea in Papua Province for 2014–2034. This document serves as a guideline for regulating the zoning of utilization, protection, and sustainable preservation of marine ecosystems.