Sasi Kampung Sasari dan Anobo

The indigenous people of Padaido originate from the mainland of Biak Island. Since the 9th century, their ancestors lived in the interior of East Biak, but due to the attack of Mambri (the commander) Pasrerfi from Samber, they spread to various regions. From the 10th to the 14th century, the ancestors of Padaido crossed to the Padaido Islands in three waves, starting from Pakreki Island and then to Mbromsi Island. In Mbromsi, they built three villages and divided customary land rights among clans (Weyai, Rumabar, Rumboryas, Rumbino, Rumbewas, Rumayauw, Kafiar, and Rumaropen).

The land on Padaido Island is very fertile for tubers, fruits, vegetables, and medicinal plants, while the sea provides fish, shellfish, and other marine resources. Because of its natural wealth that can sustain life, the ancestors of Padaido referred to this region as An Nobo, which means a place that provides all the necessities of life.

The next migration brought them from Mbromsi to Padaidori Island (An Nobo), establishing settlements around Waimuri Lake and Sevendi, then to Faknik Bab (now Kampung Sasari). The name Padaido itself emerged after World War II, from the word padai (weapon) and do (deep), as this area became a battle site. Today, the administrative area includes Kampung Sasari, Padaido, Yeri, and Anobo according to local regulations and government decisions.

In addition to migration history, the Padaido community also has important legends:

• Manggana: A healer who performed childbirth operations with an inois knife, resulting in many mothers and babies dying. This practice was stopped by a woman named Insrenanggi, who introduced normal childbirth.
• Insernanggi: The legend of Insrenanggi also tells how she taught humans to recognize fire and cook properly, while stopping the practice of Manggana.
• Ikako Mampairamo: A snake that transformed into a human who wanted to marry two girls. The villagers' rejection made them flee to the Mamberamo River. There, the snake was eventually killed, and some of the villagers' descendants settled in Mamberamo until now.

The history of migration, the natural wealth known as An Nobo, and the legends passed down have become important identities for the indigenous people of Padaido to this day.

Padaido Island is a coral island with a relatively large sandy area, a relatively flat topography (±10 m above sea level), and sandy land texture. Administratively, this island is part of the Aimando District and is divided into four villages, namely Kampung Sasari, Kampung Padaido (Mnupisen), Kampung Yeri, and Kampung Anobo. This island has become one of the centers of life for the Biak indigenous people, with both terrestrial and marine natural resources (SDA) supporting daily life.

Sasi implemented by the communities of Kampung Sasari and Anobo is established in the waters from Manggapkap to Karui Waranda with a boundary of 300 meters towards the sea. This area is designated as a permanent fish bank that functions to protect various important marine biota such as coral fish, sea cucumbers, lobsters, and other types of biota. This Sasi also represents a form of collective agreement among the Sasari and Anobo indigenous communities in protecting their sea.

The designation of this area as a joint Sasi aims to maintain the sustainability of marine resources that are the main support for the community's life, both for daily consumption and as an economic source. With the rules prohibiting the capture of marine biota within the Sasi area, the community ensures that fish populations and other biota remain sustainable and can reproduce naturally.

More broadly, the Biak indigenous community recognizes the Sasisen tradition, which is the closure of certain areas to protect and manage natural resources for a certain period agreed upon together. The areas designated as Sasi are marked with prohibition signs (orwarek) and accompanied by the belief in magical sanctions for violators. The implementation of Sasisen follows the customary calendar, with two main seasons:

Wampasi Season (June–July): calm seas and long low tides, so the community focuses on fishing activities.

Wambarek Season (October–January): strong winds and waves, so the community engages more in gardening activities.

The other months are transitional periods.

After the closure period ends, Sasisen is opened with a prayer in church, the removal of the orwarek sign, and followed by the Snap Mor tradition, which is the collective fishing at low tide using kalawai (fish spear). The catch is then grilled and eaten together, prioritizing orphans, disabled persons, widows, and widowers, and then distributed to all residents. Currently, the opening of Sasisen and Snap Mor is also collaborated with the traditional Fan Nanggi attraction and Christian prayers. The customary leader (mananwir) spears the first fish, hands it over to the religious leader for a prayer, and then invites the community to go down to the sea together as a form of gratitude for the abundant sea blessings.

In practice, the management of natural resources by the Padaido Island community is still carried out traditionally, utilizing marine and terrestrial products for household needs, children's school fees, and the construction of public facilities in the village such as churches and village halls. The main sources of income come from copra, fish (fresh and salted), coconut oil (mani srai), and sea cucumbers.

There are several regulations that must be adhered to by the community, including;

• There are no restrictions on the collection of marine biota but adjusted to needs.
• It is prohibited to catch using destructive fishing gear, such as nets smaller than 3 inches, crowbars, chemical poisons, and explosives.
• The utilization of marine natural resources in the bosen area is carried out by the village community.
• It is prohibited to cut down trees along the coastline as a wind and wave barrier.
• The management of coastal natural resources may only be conducted by the Mnu community.

If violations occur in the Sasi congregation area, there are magical sanctions and warnings from customary and religious leaders. The management area of the Padaido indigenous community is considered the main source of livelihood. Therefore, the community believes that the utilization of resources must always be accompanied by rules that ensure sustainability so that they can be passed down to future generations.

Sasi of Kampung Sasari and Anobo as a form of collective agreement of the Sasari and Anobo indigenous communities in protecting their sea. Through Sasi, the community limits the utilization of nature wisely so that biodiversity remains sustainable. Here is the biodiversity stored in Sasi of Kampung Sasari and Anobo;

Flora

For Building Materials

1. Ulin (Sner)

2. Merbai/Iron Wood (Kabui)

3. Matoa (Are)

4. Bintanggor (Doi)

5. Forest Bintanggor (Wapuw)

6. Chinese Wood (Moref)

7. Mbrui

8. Mansai

9. Nutmeg (Kamor)

10. Yer

11. Rarwan

12. Banyan (Asar)

13. Ruren

14. Maspen

15. Adwak

16. Ampom

17. Bram

18. Talirotan (Kabraisam)

19. Sengon (Adai/Abyai)

20. Manjaw

21. Pasror

22. Milkwood (Kwabor/Ainus)

23. Beach Gelagar (Ower)

24. Beach Bintangur (Mares)

25. Butun (Rabon)

26. Umbrella Plant (Myoren)

27. Nibung (Ansan)

28. Ketapang (Kris /Aibekop/Krismaon)

29. Small Dungun (Aibekop/Krismawon)

30. Marai

31. Aki

32. Suan

33. Mat Plant (Mansrom)

34. Mangrove (Sawawir)

35. Mangrove (Aibon)

36. Mangrove (Mampiuw)

For Musical Instruments

1. Milkwood (Kwabor/Ainus)

2. Marem

3. Papir

Medicinal Plants

1. Sampare [Malaria]

2. Noni (Kandarek) [Malaria]

3. Kuker [Malaria]

4. Manyek [Cysts and Leprosy]

5. Beach Gelagar (Ower) [All kinds of diseases]

6. Miana (Mampusem) [Wounds]

7. Sambiloto [Blood booster]

8. Meniran [Blood booster]

9. Duck's Tongue (Bukorduf) [Fever and Mucus in babies]

10. Mansnasem [Eliminates baby mucus]

11. Anas [Body aches]

12. Siri (Inan) [Eye pain]

13. Ginger (Konsop) [Bone pain]

14. Parepat (Aum) [Helps babies speak quickly]

15. Beach Bintangur (Mares) [Eye pain]

16. Lemongrass (Ampuy) [Toothache]

17. Drini (Pandemor) [Fractures, pain, and aches]

18. Ant Nest (Sarang Semut) [stomach ache, cancer, tumor, coronary heart disease, TB, rheumatism to leukemia]

19. Pig (Randip)

20. Beach Pine (Rambemawa) [helps babies speak quickly]

Consumed

1. Water Apple (Inasem)

Fauna

For Consumption

1. Pig (Randip)

2. Cuscus (Rambab)

3. Soa-soa (Kasip)

4. Apodora (Ansnai)

5. Lizard (Kasip insum)

6. Crocodile (Ongor)

7. Red-headed Parrot (Mankfir)

8. Green Parrot (Mandar)

9. Maleo (Manggiryo)

10. Sparrow (Maninsu)

11. Kingfisher (Mampudwar)

12. Stone Kingfisher (Mansinem)

13. Bat (Mangwai)

14. Turtle Dove (Manggaok)

15. Manggupre

16. Cockatoo (Maniker)

17. Chicken (Mangoko)

18. Crow (Manwawa)

19. Kum-kum (Mananggau)

20. White Dove (Mandun)

21. Lemuru (Inggarouw)

22. Lencam (Insamen)

23. Cotton (Inggower)

24. Black-spotted Snapper (Inbarkof)

25. Kuwe (Inggarfu)

26. Belana (Inasman)

27. Belanak (Inasbin)

28. Samandar (Indos / Insarek / Indadwai)

29. Six-leaf (Inbaren)

30. Baronang (Inowes)

31. Botana (Inggaes)

32. Brajanatha (Indur)

33. Snapper (Inpekem)

34. Thick-skinned Fish (Inggar)

35. Butana (Inbrui / Inmarye)

36. Grouper (Indaf)

37. Nile (Indwar)

38. Babakal silah (Indapusam)

39. Cockatoo (Indwaf / Inwer)

40. Kuwe gerong (Indirek)

41. Mangrove Snapper (Indin)

42. Yellow Selar (Inapra)

43. Chicken Fish (Insum/Karipa)

44. Blue Cockatoo (Indarwam)

45. Green Benjol Parrot (Indai Kaibam)

46. Napoleon (Inmamen)

47. Box Snapper (Indawer)

48. Madah (Inamas)

49. Lencam (Insrowen / Insambras)

50. Sako (Inbekwan)

51. Balobo (Inpakem)

52. Cakalan (Cakalan)

53. Dolphin (Manggombon)

54. Sailfish (Inbeyaun)

55. Tenggiri (Inbeoper)

56. Goat Fish (Imanswaref)

57. Silver Sea Cucumber (Gumuru)

58. Thunder Fish (Inswan)

59. Flying Fish (Inanai)

60. Whiskered Fish (Insyur)

61. Kembung (Inarmar / Oci)

62. Puri (Insanai)

63. Sardine (Ineper)

64. Shark (Kasem)

65. Barracuda (Imampir / Imbenasar)

66. Green Turtle (Waukaku)

67. Hawksbill Turtle (Waumis)

68. Badur (Insaser)

69. Yellow Tail (Inspai)

70. Ray (Arndai)

71. Manta Ray (Manggapap)

72. Kabires (Kabires)

73. Clam (Kamer)

74. Manwarek (Manwarek)

75. Sanon (Sanon)

76. Tiger Cowrie (Kang)

77. Asaphis (Insei)

78. Makbawen (Makbawen)

79. Tendong (Manggardan)

80. Sea Snail (Mansi)

81. Giant Clam (Arom)

82. Mangrove Shell (Insyonek)

83. Hole Clam (Insef)

84. Octopus (Kombrof/Kais)

85. Sea Snail (Ranser)

86. Moon Snail (Kadwor)

87. Bahar Root (Arwam)

88. Triton (Kbur)

89. Green Shell (Inpurem)

90. Goat-head Shell (Manggarpur)

91. Sea Anemone (Sarkyu)

92. Sand Shrimp (Buryas)

93. White-legged Shrimp (Inggansu)

94. Lobster (Barupu)

95. Cotton Shrimp (Kanggen)

96. Opheodesoma (Inanu)

97. Mock Sea Cucumber (Pimam benang)

98. White Milk Sea Cucumber (Pimam sus)

99. Rubber Sea Cucumber (Pimam karet)

For Sale

1. Sand Sea Cucumber (Pimam tawas)

2. Sea Cucumber (Kamboa)

3. Bitter Sea Cucumber (Mansarmar)

4. Pineapple Sea Cucumber (Pimam nenas)

5. Shoe Sea Cucumber (Pimam sepatu)

6. Karbek (Karbek)

7. Transvestite Sea Cucumber (Pimam bencong)

8. Apostichopus japonikus (Pimam Amprim)

9. Blood Sea Cucumber (Pimam dara)

10. Horse Sea Cucumber (Pimam kuda)

11. Dog Sea Cucumber (Pimam nafan)

For Keeping

1. Beach Trinil (Mansibin)

2. Stork (Mansorom)

3. Crow (Manwawa)

4. Green Tree Lizard (Kabi)

5. Sea Dove (Sandomun)

6. Little Egret (Menserndu)

7. Sea Goose (Mangibin-gibin)

8. Coconut Parrot (Mankfir)

9. Green Parrot (Mannes)

10. Sea Gull (Mambenau)

The Community Managed Conservation Area (AKKM) in the Padaido Islands has an important position in supporting the sustainability of marine and coastal resources, while also maintaining the relationship between indigenous communities and their living spaces. The existence of this AKKM is located within the Water Tourism Park (TWP) of the Padaido Islands, which was officially established through the Decree of the Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Number KEP.68/MEN/2009 concerning the Designation of the National Marine Conservation Area of the Padaido Islands and the Surrounding Sea in Papua Province.

Furthermore, the management direction of the area is strengthened by the Decree of the Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Number 62/KEPMEN-KP/2014 concerning the Management and Zoning Plan of the TWP of the Padaido Islands and the Surrounding Sea in Papua Province for the Years 2014–2034. This document serves as a guideline in regulating the zoning of utilization, protection, and sustainable preservation of marine ecosystems.