Sasi Kampung Yeri dan Mnupisen

The indigenous people of Padaido originate from the mainland of Biak Island. Since the 9th century, their ancestors lived in the interior of Eastern Biak, but due to an attack by the mambri (commander) Pasrerfi from Samber, they spread to various regions. Between the 10th and 14th centuries, the ancestors of Padaido crossed to the Padaido Islands in three waves, starting from Pakreki Island and then to Mbromsi Island. In Mbromsi, they built three villages and divided customary rights among clans (Weyai, Rumabar, Rumboryas, Rumbino, Rumbewas, Rumayauw, Kafiar, and Rumaropen).

The land on Padaido Island is very fertile for tubers, fruits, vegetables, and medicinal plants, while the sea provides fish, shellfish, and other marine products. Because of its natural wealth that can sustain life, the ancestors of Padaido referred to this area as An Nobo, which means a place that provides all the necessities of life.

The next migration brought them from Mbromsi to Padaidori Island (An Nobo), establishing settlements around Lake Waimuri and Sevendi, then to Faknik Bab (now Kampung Sasari). The name Padaido itself emerged after World War II, from the words padai (weapon) and do (deep), because this area became a battle location. Currently, the administrative area includes Kampung Sasari, Padaido, Yeri, and Anobo according to regional regulations and government decisions.

In addition to migration history, the people of Padaido also have important legends:

• Manggana: A healer who performed childbirth operations with an inois knife, resulting in many mothers and babies dying. This practice was stopped by a woman named Insrenanggi, who introduced normal childbirth.
• Insernanggi: The legend of Insrenanggi also tells how she taught humans to recognize fire and cook well, while simultaneously stopping the practice of Manggana.
• Ikako Mampairamo: A snake that transformed into a human wanting to marry two girls. The villagers' rejection made them flee to the Mamberamo River. There, the snake was eventually killed, and some of the villagers' descendants settled in Mamberamo until now.

The history of migration, the natural wealth known as An Nobo, and the inherited legends have become important identities for the indigenous people of Padaido to this day.

Padaido Island is a coral island with a relatively large sandy area, a relatively flat topography (±10 m above sea level), and sandy land texture. Administratively, this island is part of the Aimando District and is divided into four villages, namely Kampung Sasari, Kampung Padaido (Mnupisen), Kampung Yeri, and Kampung Anobo. This island has become one of the centers of life for the Biak indigenous community, with both terrestrial and marine natural resources (SDA) supporting daily life.

The indigenous people of Kampung Yeri and Mnupisen have established sasi areas as a form of local wisdom in maintaining the sustainability of marine resources. In Kampung Yeri, the sasi area is designated in the waters from Sabukan to Tanjung Sanderpum. This area is specifically designated as a permanent fish bank, a breeding ground for fish, sea cucumbers, shrimp, and other marine biota. Fishing activities are only allowed outside the sasi area, specifically in bosen (intertidal area) and soren (deep sea) at a distance of more than 300 meters from the sasi boundary. With this regulation, the Yeri community can ensure the availability of fish stocks for daily needs and future generations.

Meanwhile, Kampung Mnupisen also designates a sasi area along its coastline. Similar to Yeri, this area is protected from fishing activities, sea cucumbers, lobsters, and other marine biota. All fishing activities are only permitted outside the sasi boundaries. The catch from outside the sasi area is not only used for family needs but also becomes a source of livelihood that supports children's education, village development, and public facilities.

More broadly, the Biak indigenous community recognizes the Sasisen tradition, which is the closure of certain areas to protect and maintain SDA for a certain period agreed upon together. The sasi area is marked with a prohibition sign (orwarek) and accompanied by the belief in the existence of magical sanctions for violators. The implementation of Sasisen follows the customary calendar, with two main seasons:

Wampasi Season (June–July): calm sea and long low tide, so the community focuses on fishing activities.

Wambarek Season (October–January): strong winds and waves, so the community engages more in gardening activities.

The other months are transitional periods.

After the closure period ends, Sasisen is opened with a prayer in the church, the removal of the orwarek sign, and followed by the Snap Mor tradition, which is a communal fish catch during low tide using kalawai (fish spear). The catch is then grilled and eaten together, prioritizing orphans, disabled individuals, widows, and widowers, and then distributed to all residents. Currently, the opening of Sasisen and Snap Mor is also collaborated with the Fan Nanggi cultural attraction and Christian prayers. The customary leader (mananwir) spears the first fish, hands it over to the religious leader for a blessing, and then invites the community to go down to the sea together as a form of gratitude for the abundant sea blessings.

In practice, the management of SDA by the people of Padaido Island is still carried out traditionally by utilizing marine and terrestrial resources for household needs, children's school fees, and the development of public facilities such as churches and village halls. The main sources of income come from copra, fish (fresh and salted), coconut oil (mani srai), and sea cucumbers.

There are several regulations that must be adhered to by the community, including;

• No restrictions on taking marine biota but adjusted to needs.
• Prohibited from catching using destructive fishing gear, such as nets smaller than 3 inches, crowbars, chemical poisons, and explosives.
• Utilization of marine SDA management in the bosen area is carried out by the village community.
• Prohibited from cutting down trees along the beach as a wind and wave barrier.
• Coastal SDA management can only be conducted by the Mnu community.

If violations occur by fishing in the sasi area, there are magical sanctions and warnings from customary and religious leaders. The management area of the indigenous people of Padaido is considered a primary source of livelihood. Therefore, the community believes that the utilization of resources must always be accompanied by rules that ensure sustainability so that they can be passed down to future generations.

Sasi of Kampung Yeri and Mnupisen as a form of collective agreement of the indigenous community in protecting their sea. Through Sasi, the community wisely limits the utilization of nature so that biodiversity remains sustainable. Here is the biodiversity stored in Sasi of Kampung Yeri and Mnupisen;

Flora

For Building Materials

1. Ulin (Sner)

2. Merbai/Ironwood (Kabui)

3. Matoa (Are)

4. Bintanggor (Doi)

5. Forest Bintanggor (Wapuw)

6. Chinese wood (Moref)

7. Mbrui

8. Mansai

9. Nutmeg (Kamor)

10. Yer

11. Rarwan

12. Banyan (Asar)

13. Ruren

14. Maspen

15. Adwak

16. Ampom

17. Bram

18. Talirotan (Kabraisam)

19. Sengon (Adai/Abyai)

20. Manjaw

21. Pasror

22. Milkwood (Kwabor/Ainus)

23. Beach Gelagar (Ower)

24. Beach Bintangur (Mares)

25. Butun (Rabon)

26. Umbrella plant (Myoren)

27. Nibung (Ansan)

28. Ketapang (Kris /Aibekop/Krismaon)

29. Small Dungun (Aibekop/Krismawon)

30. Marai

31. Aki

32. Suan

33. Mat tree (Mansrom)

34. Mangrove (Sawawir)

35. Mangrove (Aibon)

36. Mangrove (Mampiuw)

For Musical Instruments

1. Milkwood (Kwabor/Ainus)

2. Marem

3. Papir

Medicinal Plants

1. Sampare [Malaria]

2. Noni (Kandarek) [Malaria]

3. Kuker [Malaria]

4. Manyek [Cysts and Leprosy]

5. Beach Gelagar (Ower) [All kinds of diseases]

6. Miana (Mampusem) [Wounds]

7. Sambiloto [Blood booster]

8. Meniran [Blood booster]

9. Duck's tongue (Bukorduf) [Fever and mucus in infants]

10. Mansnasem [Eliminates infant mucus]

11. Anas [Body aches]

12. Siri (Inan) [Eye pain]

13. Ginger (Konsop) [Bone pain]

14. Parepat (Aum) [Helps infants speak quickly]

15. Beach Bintangur (Mares) [Eye pain]

16. Lemongrass (Ampuy) [Toothache]

17. Drini (Pandemor) [Fractures, pain, and aches]

18. Ant nest (Sarang Semut) [stomach pain, cancer, tumor, coronary heart disease, tuberculosis, rheumatism to leukemia]

19. Pig (Randip)

20. Beach pine (Rambemawa) [helps infants speak quickly]

Consumed

1. Water guava (Inasem)

Fauna

For Consumption

1. Pig (Randip)

2. Cuscus (Rambab)

3. Soa-soa (Kasip)

4. Apodora (Ansnai)

5. Lizard (Kasip insum)

6. Crocodile (Ongor)

7. Black-headed red parrot (Mankfir)

8. Green parrot (Mandar)

9. Maleo (Manggiryo)

10. Sparrow (Maninsu)

11. Kingfisher (Mampudwar)

12. Rock kingfisher (Mansinem)

13. Bat (Mangwai)

14. Turtle dove (Manggaok)

15. Manggupre

16. Cockatoo (Maniker)

17. Chicken (Mangoko)

18. Crow (Manwawa)

19. Kum-kum (Mananggau)

20. White dove (Mandun)

21. Lemuru (Inggarouw)

22. Lencam (Insamen)

23. Kapas-kapas (Inggower)

24. Black-spotted snapper (Inbarkof)

25. Kuwe (Inggarfu)

26. Belana (Inasman)

27. Belanak (Inasbin)

28. Samandar (Indos / Insarek / Indadwai)

29. Six-leaf (Inbaren)

30. Baronang (Inowes)

31. Botana (Inggaes)

32. Brajanatha (Indur)

33. Snapper (Inpekem)

34. Thick-skinned fish (Inggar)

35. Butana (Inbrui / Inmarye)

36. Grouper (Indaf)

37. Nile (Indwar)

38. Weapon fish (Indapusam)

39. Cockatoo (Indwaf / Inwer)

40. Kuwe gerong (Indirek)

41. Mangrove snapper (Indin)

42. Yellow selar (Inapra)

43. Chicken fish (Insum/Karipa)

44. Blue cockatoo (Indarwam)

45. Green benjol parrot (Indai Kaibam)

46. Napoleon (Inmamen)

47. Box snapper (Indawer)

48. Madah (Inamas)

49. Lencam (Insrowen / Insambras)

50. Sako (Inbekwan)

51. Balobo (Inpakem)

52. Cakalan (Cakalan)

53. Dolphin (Manggombon)

54. Sailfish (Inbeyaun)

55. Tenggiri (Inbeoper)

56. Goat fish (Imanswaref)

57. Silver sea cucumber (Gumuru)

58. Thunder fish (Inswan)

59. Flying fish (Inanai)

60. Whiskered fish (Insyur)

61. Kembung (Inarmar / Oci)

62. Puri (Insanai)

63. Sardine (Ineper)

64. Shark (Kasem)

65. Barracuda (Imampir / Imbenasar)

66. Green turtle (Waukaku)

67. Hawksbill turtle (Waumis)

68. Badur (Insaser)

69. Yellow tail (Inspai)

70. Ray (Arndai)

71. Manta ray (Manggapap)

72. Kabires (Kabires)

73. Clam (Kamer)

74. Manwarek (Manwarek)

75. Sanon (Sanon)

76. Tiger clam (Kang)

77. Asaphis (Insei)

78. Makbawen (Makbawen)

79. Tendong (Manggardan)

80. Sea snail (Mansi)

81. Giant clam (Arom)

82. Mangrove shell (Insyonek)

83. Hole clam (Insef)

84. Octopus (Kombrof/Kais)

85. Sea snail (Ranser)

86. Moon-eyed clam (Kadwor)

87. Bahar root (Arwam)

88. Triton (Kbur)

89. Green shell (Inpurem)

90. Goat-headed shell (Manggarpur)

91. Sea anemone (Sarkyu)

92. Sand shrimp (Buryas)

93. White-legged shrimp (Inggansu)

94. Lobster (Barupu)

95. Cotton shrimp (Kanggen)

96. Opheodesoma (Inanu)

97. Mock sea cucumber (Pimam benang)

98. White milk sea cucumber (Pimam sus)

99. Rubber sea cucumber (Pimam karet)

For Sale

1. Sand sea cucumber (Pimam tawas)

2. Sea cucumber (Kamboa)

3. Bitter sea cucumber (Mansarmar)

4. Pineapple sea cucumber (Pimam nenas)

5. Shoe sea cucumber (Pimam sepatu)

6. Karbek (Karbek)

7. Transgender sea cucumber (Pimam bencong)

8. Apostichopus japonikus (Pimam Amprim)

9. Blood sea cucumber (Pimam dara)

10. Horse sea cucumber (Pimam kuda)

11. Dog sea cucumber (Pimam nafan)

For Keeping

1. Beach Trinil (Mansibin)

2. Stork (Mansorom)

3. Crow (Manwawa)

4. Green tree lizard (Kabi)

5. Sea dove (Sandomun)

6. Little egret (Menserndu)

7. Sea goose (Mangibin-gibin)

8. Coconut parrot (Mankfir)

9. Green parrot (Mannes)

10. Sea gull (Mambenau)

The Community Managed Conservation Area (AKKM) in the Padaido Islands has an important position in supporting the sustainability of marine and coastal resources, while also maintaining the relationship of indigenous peoples with their living space. The existence of this AKKM is located within the waters of the Padaido Islands Tourism Park (TWP), which was officially established through the Decree of the Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Number KEP.68/MEN/2009 concerning the Designation of the National Marine Conservation Area of the Padaido Islands and the Surrounding Sea in Papua Province.

Furthermore, the management direction of the area is strengthened by the Decree of the Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Number 62/KEPMEN-KP/2014 concerning the Management and Zoning Plan of the TWP of the Padaido Islands and the Surrounding Sea in Papua Province for the Years 2014–2034. This document serves as a guideline for regulating the zoning of utilization, protection, and sustainable preservation of marine ecosystems.