Soren (Laut)

The indigenous people of Padaido come from the mainland of Biak Island. Since the 9th century, their ancestors lived in the interior of East Biak, but due to attacks by the mambri (commander) Pasrerfi from Samber, they spread to various regions. From the 10th to the 14th century, the ancestors of Padaido crossed to the Padaido Islands in three waves, starting from Pakreki Island and then to Mbromsi Island. In Mbromsi, they built three villages and divided customary land rights among clans (Weyai, Rumabar, Rumboryas, Rumbino, Rumbewas, Rumayauw, Kafiar, and Rumaropen).

The land on Padaido Island is very fertile for tubers, fruits, vegetables, and medicinal plants, while the sea provides fish, shellfish, and other marine resources. Because of its natural wealth that can sustain life, the ancestors of Padaido referred to this area as An Nobo, which means a place that provides all life necessities.

The next migration brought them from Mbromsi to Padaidori Island (An Nobo), establishing settlements around Waimuri Lake and Sevendi, then to Faknik Bab (now Kampung Sasari). The name Padaido itself emerged after World War II, from the words padai (weapon) and do (deep), because this area became a battle location. Now, the administrative area includes Kampung Sasari, Padaido, Yeri, and Anobo according to local regulations and government decisions.

In addition to migration history, the people of Padaido also have important legends:

• Manggana: A healer who performed childbirth operations with an inois knife, leading to the death of many mothers and babies. This practice was stopped by a woman named Insrenanggi, who introduced normal childbirth.
• Insernanggi: The legend of Insrenanggi also tells how she taught humans to recognize fire and cook well, while also stopping the practice of Manggana.
• Ikako Mampairamo: A snake that transformed into a human who wanted to marry two girls. The rejection from the villagers made them flee to the Mamberamo River. There, the snake was eventually killed, and some of the villagers' descendants settled in Mamberamo until now.

The history of migration, the natural wealth referred to as An Nobo, and the legends passed down have become an important identity for the indigenous people of Padaido to this day.

Padaido Island is a coral island with a relatively large sandy area, a relatively flat topography (±10 m above sea level), and sandy land texture. Administratively, this island is part of the Aimando District and is divided into four villages, namely Kampung Sasari, Kampung Padaido (Mnupisen), Kampung Yeri, and Kampung Anobo. This island is one of the centers of life for the Biak indigenous people, with both terrestrial and marine natural resources supporting daily life.

One of the areas protected by the community is called Soren, which in the Papuan language means sea. This area is a place to search for various types of coral and pelagic fish, coral fish, goropa, Inpekem. In this area, the community conducts sasi kampung. Sasi is a customary rule of the Biak community that involves the temporary closure of a certain area or type of natural resource, both in the sea and on land, for a certain period or permanently. This closure aims to protect natural resources to remain sustainable, provide opportunities for growth and development, and ensure availability for future generations.

In practice, the management of natural resources by the people of Padaido Island is still carried out traditionally, utilizing marine and terrestrial products for household needs, children's school fees, and the development of public facilities such as churches and village halls. The main source of income comes from copra, fish (fresh and salted), coconut oil (mani srai), and sea cucumbers.

There are several regulations that must be adhered to by the community, including;

• There are no restrictions on taking marine biota but adjusted to needs.
• It is prohibited to catch using destructive fishing gear, such as nets smaller than 3 inches, crowbars, chemical poisons, and explosives.
• The utilization of marine natural resources in the bosen area is carried out by the village community.
• It is prohibited to cut down trees along the coast as a wind and wave barrier.
• Coastal natural resource management can only be carried out by the Mnu community.

If violations occur in the sasi community area, there will be spiritual sanctions and reprimands from customary and religious leaders. The community-managed area of the indigenous people of Padaido is considered a primary source of livelihood. Therefore, the community believes that the utilization of resources must always be accompanied by rules that ensure sustainability so that they can be passed down to future generations.

Soren (Sea) contributes significantly to biodiversity through its ecosystems. The following biodiversity is found in Soren;

Flora

For Building Materials

1. Ulin (Sner)

2. Merbai/Ironwood (Kabui)

3. Matoa (Are)

4. Bintanggor (Doi)

5. Forest Bintanggor (Wapuw)

6. Chinese wood (Moref)

7. Mbrui

8. Mansai

9. Nutmeg (Kamor)

10. Yer

11. Rarwan

12. Banyan (Asar)

13. Ruren

14. Maspen

15. Adwak

16. Ampom

17. Bram

18. Talirotan (Kabraisam)

19. Sengon (Adai/Abyai)

20. Manjaw

21. Pasror

22. Milkwood (Kwabor/Ainus)

23. Coastal Gelagar (Ower)

24. Coastal Bintangur (Mares)

25. Butun (Rabon)

26. Umbrella fern (Myoren)

27. Nibung (Ansan)

28. Ketapang (Kris /Aibekop/Krismaon)

29. Small Dungun (Aibekop/Krismawon)

30. Marai

31. Aki

32. Suan

33. Mat Grass (Mansrom)

34. Mangrove (Sawawir)

35. Mangrove (Aibon)

36. Mangrove (Mampiuw)

For Musical Instruments

1. Milkwood (Kwabor/Ainus)

2. Marem

3. Papir

Medicinal Plants

1. Sampare [Malaria]

2. Mengkudu (Kandarek) [Malaria]

3. Kuker [Malaria]

4. Manyek [Cysts and Leprosy]

5. Coastal Gelagar (Ower) [All kinds of diseases]

6. Miana (Mampusem) [Wounds]

7. Sambiloto [Blood booster]

8. Meniran [Blood booster]

9. Duck's tongue (Bukorduf) [Fever and mucus in infants]

10. Mansnasem [Eliminates mucus in infants]

11. Anas [Body aches]

12. Siri (Inan) [Eye pain]

13. Ginger (Konsop) [Bone pain]

14. Parepat (Aum) [Helps infants speak quickly]

15. Coastal Bingtangur (Mares) [Eye pain]

16. Lemongrass (Ampuy) [Toothache]

17. Drini (Pandemor) [Fractures, pain, and aches]

18. Ant nest (Sarang Semut) [stomach pain, cancer, tumor, coronary heart disease, tuberculosis, rheumatism to leukemia]

19. Pig (Randip)

20. Coastal pine (Rambemawa) [helps infants speak quickly]

For Consumption

1. Water guava (Inasem)

Fauna

For Consumption

1. Pig (Randip)

2. Cuscus (Rambab)

3. Soa-soa (Kasip)

4. Apodora (Ansnai)

5. Lizard (Kasip insum)

6. Crocodile (Ongor)

7. Black-headed red parrot (Mankfir)

8. Green parrot (Mandar)

9. Maleo (Manggiryo)

10. Sparrow (Maninsu)

11. Kingfisher (Mampudwar)

12. Stone kingfisher (Mansinem)

13. Bat (Mangwai)

14. Turtle dove (Manggaok)

15. Manggupre

16. Cockatoo (Maniker)

17. Chicken (Mangoko)

18. Crow (Manwawa)

19. Kum-kum (Mananggau)

20. White dove (Mandun)

21. Lemuru (Inggarouw)

22. Lencam (Insamen)

23. Kapas-kapas (Inggower)

24. Black-spotted snapper (Inbarkof)

25. Kuwe (Inggarfu)

26. Belana (Inasman)

27. Belanak (Inasbin)

28. Samandar (Indos / Insarek / Indadwai)

29. Six-letter (Inbaren)

30. Baronang (Inowes)

31. Botana (Inggaes)

32. Brajanatha (Indur)

33. Snapper (Inpekem)

34. Thick-skinned fish (Inggar)

35. Butana (Inbrui / Inmarye)

36. Grouper (Indaf)

37. Nile (Indwar)

38. Silah pig (Indapusam)

39. Cockatoo (Indwaf / Inwer)

40. Kuwe gerong (Indirek)

41. Mangrove snapper (Indin)

42. Yellow selar (Inapra)

43. Chicken fish (Insum/Karipa)

44. Blue cockatoo (Indarwam)

45. Green benjol parrot (Indai Kaibam)

46. Napoleon (Inmamen)

47. Box snapper (Indawer)

48. Madah (Inamas)

49. Lencam (Insrowen / Insambras)

50. Sako (Inbekwan)

51. Balobo (Inpakem)

52. Cakalan (Cakalan)

53. Dolphin (Manggombon)

54. Sailfish (Inbeyaun)

55. Tenggiri (Inbeoper)

56. Goat fish (Imanswaref)

57. Silver sea cucumber (Gumuru)

58. Thunder fish (Inswan)

59. Flying fish (Inanai)

60. Whiskered fish (Insyur)

61. Kembung (Inarmar / Oci)

62. Puri (Insanai)

63. Sardine (Ineper)

64. Shark (Kasem)

65. Barracuda (Imampir / Imbenasar)

66. Green turtle (Waukaku)

67. Hawksbill turtle (Waumis)

68. Badur (Insaser)

69. Yellow tail (Inspai)

70. Ray (Arndai)

71. Manta ray (Manggapap)

72. Kabires (Kabires)

73. Clam (Kamer)

74. Manwarek (Manwarek)

75. Sanon (Sanon)

76. Tiger clam (Kang)

77. Asaphis (Insei)

78. Makbawen (Makbawen)

79. Tendong (Manggardan)

80. Sea snail (Mansi)

81. Giant clam (Arom)

82. Mangrove shell (Insyonek)

83. Hole clam (Insef)

84. Octopus (Kombrof/Kais)

85. Sea snail (Ranser)

86. Moon snail (Kadwor)

87. Bahar root (Arwam)

88. Triton (Kbur)

89. Green shell (Inpurem)

90. Goat head shell (Manggarpur)

91. Sea anemone (Sarkyu)

92. Sand shrimp (Buryas)

93. White-legged shrimp (Inggansu)

94. Lobster (Barupu)

95. Cotton shrimp (Kanggen)

96. Opheodesoma (Inanu)

97. Mock sea cucumber (Pimam benang)

98. White milk sea cucumber (Pimam sus)

99. Rubber sea cucumber (Pimam karet)

For Sale

1. Sand sea cucumber (Pimam tawas)

2. Sea cucumber (Kamboa)

3. Bitter sea cucumber (Mansarmar)

4. Pineapple sea cucumber (Pimam nenas)

5. Shoe sea cucumber (Pimam sepatu)

6. Karbek (Karbek)

7. Transgender sea cucumber (Pimam bencong)

8. Apostichopus japonicus (Pimam Amprim)

9. Blood sea cucumber (Pimam dara)

10. Horse sea cucumber (Pimam kuda)

11. Dog sea cucumber (Pimam nafan)

For Keeping

1. Coastal Trinil (Mansibin)

2. Stork (Mansorom)

3. Crow (Manwawa)

4. Green tree lizard (Kabi)

5. Sea dove (Sandomun)

6. Little egret (Menserndu)

7. Sea goose (Mangibin-gibin)

8. Coconut parrot (Mankfir)

9. Green parrot (Mannes)

10. Sea gull (Mambenau)

The Community Managed Conservation Area (AKKM) in the Padaido Islands has a crucial role in supporting the sustainability of marine and coastal resources, while also maintaining the relationship between indigenous people and their living space. The existence of this AKKM is located within the Marine Tourism Park (TWP) of the Padaido Islands, which was officially established through the Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Decree Number KEP.68/MEN/2009 regarding the Designation of the National Marine Conservation Area of the Padaido Islands and the Surrounding Sea in Papua Province.

Furthermore, the management direction of the area is strengthened by the Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Decree Number 62/KEPMEN-KP/2014 regarding the Management and Zoning Plan of the TWP of the Padaido Islands and the Surrounding Sea in Papua Province for 2014–2034. This document serves as a guideline in regulating the zoning of utilization, protection, and sustainable preservation of marine ecosystems.