Tana' Ulen Long Alango Sungai Nggeng

According to oral tradition, all Dayak Kenyah tribes originally lived together in the Apo Da’a highlands between the Iwan and Lurah rivers. As the population grew due to limited agricultural land, the Kenyah tribe began to scatter in different directions, with Kenyah Leppo Ke’ moving from the upstream of the Lurah river (Long Bena, Long Apan) through the mountains to the Beraha river. From there they moved to the Ngiam river (Long Pengayan, Long Lat) and the upper part of the Bahau River (Ka Buang, Apau Ping). Meanwhile, the settlement of the Nyibun tribe was usually not far from the Leppo Ke’ settlement. If there was a threat from enemies, they would unite into one settlement. Kenyah Leppo Maut moved upstream Bahau from the Lurah River through the upper Nggeng River and Beraha River.

During the Dutch colonial period, the upper Bahau River area was known as “Tanah Leppo Maut”. The first Dutch expedition to the upper Bahau River occurred in the early 20th century. At that time, Nyibun was a strong sub-tribe, whereas now it has diminished and mixed with other groups. In the past, trade flows from Upper Bahau tended to go towards Sarawak, which was then colonized by the British. The Sa’ban tribe living in the Berau watershed, the right branch upstream of the Bahau River, believed that the upper Bahau area was part of Sarawak, as all their livestock were brought from the Baram river in Sarawak. The Sa’ban tribe claimed to originate from this area between Upper Bahau and Upper Krayan.

In the Upper Bahau region, there are many relics from the Ngorek tribe in the form of stone graves established between 300-400 years ago. Since that time, the Ngorek tribe has left Upper Bahau for the Kayan river. In 1957-1958, most of the Lepo Maut community in Long Kemuat moved and established the village of Long Alango. In 1960-1970, many people moved from Upper Bahau to the Malinau river and Kayan river in search of a better life (school, market, health access). After the expansion of the Pujungan sub-district into two, Pujungan and Bahau Hulu, the community of Long Uli village (Kenyah Uma Long and Lepo Ndang tribes) originating from the upstream of the Lurah river and the Sa’an river were allowed to establish a village in the Badeng community area on the Bahau river—now they have joined the customary territory of Upper Bahau and comply with the customary regulations of the Greater Customary Region of Upper Bahau. The Greater Indigenous Community of Upper Bahau has an area that is protected by tradition, namely: Tana Ulen’.

Tana’ Ulen is an area of forest managed by customary law specifically for protection and communal use for village events. Tana ulen’ means forbidden land—meaning that forest products cannot be taken individually except when done collectively for the common good, such as hunting land and water animals for the needs of the entire community in one village. Tana’ Ulen is an area of jungle or primary forest with a high level of biodiversity that is utilized to sustain the livelihoods of the community. Tana Ulen’ of Long Tebulo village is located at the Enggeng iut’ river and the Buah alat river, and the upstream of the Tebulo’ river.

Tana Ulen must not be opened and managed as agricultural, plantation, and rice field areas. Tana’ Ulen is entirely located in the Greater Customary Territory of Upper Bahau. In terms of ownership, Tana’Ulen is a customary right in each village with specific regulations to ensure that the area remains protected. The management of Tana’ Ulen is regulated by the customary chief and supported by the village head. The customary institution is regulated by the Greater Customary Institution of Upper Bahau, which includes the following structure:

• • Chief of Greater Customary
  • • Coordinates the Customary Chiefs of each Village;
    • Organizes customary deliberations to make decisions;
    • Creates new customary regulations;

  • Makes the final decision if the issue cannot be resolved by the village customary chief.
  • Village Customary Chief
  • • Resolves issues in the village;

  • Ensures conditions in each village are secure according to applicable customary regulations.

The decision-making mechanism of the Greater Customary Institution of Upper Bahau is conducted through customary deliberations at the village and customary territory level attended by the village chief and head of the village; and follows the decisions of the greater customary chief.

The community applies a ‘open ulen and close ulen’ system—meaning there is a permitted time to utilize natural resources in Tana Ulen’ for the common needs of the community. Every year, the community holds harvest festivals and wedding events, where natural wealth such as animals and fish in Tana Ulen’ will be utilized—depending on how many events are held in a year. Additionally, it is utilized for New Year and Christmas events. All of this utilization is regulated by village customs and the village head.

The utilization and management of Tana’Ulen are regulated in the Customary Regulation of the Bahau Hulu Region Number: 07/WLH.ADAT/BH/2016 in Chapter II Article II which regulates the prohibited activities in Tana Ulen’ for anyone, namely:

1) It is prohibited to cut down trees along the footpaths that cross Tana Ulen’.

2) It is prohibited to make building materials in Tana Ulen’.

3) It is prohibited to hunt or fish in Tana Ulen’ without the permission of the village customary chief or village head.

4) It is prohibited to cut down all types of fruit trees in Tana Ulen’.

5) It is prohibited to farm or garden in Tana Ulen’ or open new land.

6) It is prohibited to damage assets such as stone graves or ancient graves.

7) Selling land in the Tana Ulen’ area

8) Allowing outsiders to open land in Tana Ulen’

9) Opening or creating access roads in the Tana Ulen’ area

10) Fishing in the Tana Ulen’ area of other villages.

Those who violate will be subject to fines of:

• 1) One fruit tree Rp. 5,000,000;-
• 2) One building timber Rp. 10,000,000;-
• 3) For opening new land Rp. 10,000,000;-
• 4) Damaging stone/ancient graves Rp. 1,000,000;-
• 5) Fishing Rp. 1,000,000;-
• 6) Hunting animals Rp. 5,000,000;-

7) Village customary sanctions in each area of Bahau Hulu.

The following provisions apply to the management area of Tana Ulen’ namely:

1) The river and Tana Ulen’ of the village have limited utilization, only intended for special times and events.

2) Tana Ulen’ is not allowed to be disturbed by the community, especially outsiders.

3) The community must maintain the existence of Tana Ulen’ so that it can be functioned sustainably.

4) The utilization of forest products such as: rattan, gahayu, fish, wood, and others in Tana Ulen’ carried out by the community must be with the permission of the customary chief/village head.

5) Researchers entering Tana Ulen’ for research purposes must have the permission of the village customary and donations/contributions for the customary fund.

Tana Ulen’ is important to be protected by the Greater Indigenous Community of Upper Bahau because they are highly dependent on forest areas. For them, the forest is a heritage from their ancestors that must be preserved and protected. The forest is a place for farming (shifting cultivation), gardening, and utilizing forest products such as traditional medicinal plants, hunted animals, fruits, etc. The forest is everything for indigenous people; without the forest, they would suffer because other livelihoods have not yet been developed apart from relying on the forest.

Tana Ulen’ is one of the local wisdoms of the Greater Indigenous Community of Upper Bahau related to forest management and natural resources that have been practiced for generations. With the management and regulations that have been applied in a limited and non-exploitative manner, it is hoped that Tana Ulen’ will become an area that is utilized and functioned sustainably so that the descendants of the Greater Indigenous Community of Upper Bahau can still enjoy the natural resources available in Tana Ulen’. This communal utilization also affects the social and cultural aspects of the Greater Indigenous Community of Upper Bahau—thus, they can continue to be united and celebrate important days with the natural resources they have preserved.

The wealth of Tana Ulen’ is very potential and abundant—this greatly contributes to the preservation of forest ecosystems and biodiversity of flora, fauna, and valuable timber such as:

Fauna

• 1. Temengngang / Hornbill
• 2. Teba’un / ivory-billed hornbill
• 3. Bertalang / Stone Robin
• 4. Blekotau / Rawa Cicok
• 5. Manok elang / Bulbul
• 6. Payau / deer
• 7. Setong / porcupine
• 8. Buang / bear
• 9. All types of Tiger
• 10. Lutung / Bangat
• 11. Wa’ wa’ / Water Monitor
• 12. Dok talun / Shy Plant
• 13. Aem / Pangolin
• 14. Atok / fish
• Building Materials
• 1. Ulin wood
• 2. Bele’en Merang wood
• 3. Meranti Kapur
• 4. Nyelawai
• 5. Laran Babui’ Rutan Sega’ rattan
• 6. Semule

The Greater Indigenous Community of Upper Bahau has a legal basis for recognition and protection of customary law communities through Regional Regulation of Malinau Number 10 of 2012. Furthermore, the Greater Indigenous Community of Upper Bahau has received recognition and protection of rights through the Regent's Decree No. 189.1/k.335/2019—which establishes and recognizes the Dayak Kenyah tribe (Lepo’ Mau’ut, Lepo’ Ke, Uma’ Lung, Lepo’ Ndang, Nyibun), Dayak Sa’ben, and Dayak Punan who inhabit Apau Ping Village, Long Berini Village, Long Kemuat Village, Long Alango Village, Long Tebulo Village, and Long Uli Village in Bahau Hulu District, Malinau Regency as Customary Law Communities in Malinau Regency.